MP SET (Life Science): Molecular Biology Unit Prep (Hinglish)

Chapter 1

DNA structure, genome & chromatin (Unit ka base)

1

DNA forms (A/B/Z), Tm/melting, supercoiling — high-yield points

2

Chromatin: nucleosome, histones, packing levels (basic diagrams)

3

Genome organization: prok vs euk + mitochondria/chloroplast genome basics

4

Repetitive DNA (satellite, LINE/SINE) + intron/exon basics

5

Classic proofs: Hershey–Chase + Meselson–Stahl (what proved what)

Chapter 2

DNA replication, recombination & repair (Most asked concepts)

6

Replication enzymes & steps: pol/helicase/primase/ligase/topoisomerase

7

Leading vs lagging, Okazaki fragments, proofreading (common MCQ traps)

8

Prok vs euk replication differences + telomerase (high-yield comparison)

9

DNA damage types & mutagens: UV dimers, chemicals, ROS (direct Qs)

10

Repair: MMR vs BER vs NER + DSB repair (HR vs NHEJ)

11

Recombination & transposition: RecA concept + transposons overview

Chapter 3

Transcription & RNA processing (Euk part important)

12

Prok transcription: promoter (-10/-35), sigma factor, termination types

13

Euk transcription: RNA Pol I/II/III + general TFs (TATA etc.)

14

RNA processing: 5' capping, poly-A tailing, splicing (steps)

15

Alternative splicing + RNA editing (concept + examples)

16

ncRNA: miRNA/siRNA/lncRNA, RISC (mechanism-based MCQs)

17

Cis-elements: enhancers/silencers + mediator (overview for regulation)

Chapter 4

Translation & protein fate (Genetic code + inhibitors)

18

Genetic code: properties, degeneracy, wobble, start/stop codons

19

tRNA charging: aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase specificity (high-yield)

20

Ribosome: A/P/E sites + initiation/elongation/termination outline

21

Prok vs euk translation factors + antibiotics/inhibitors (very important)

22

Protein targeting: signal peptide, SRP, ER, nucleus (NLS), mitochondria

23

Protein degradation: ubiquitin–proteasome + lysosome/autophagy basics

Chapter 5

Gene regulation (prok + euk) & epigenetics (MP SET favorite)

24

Operons: lac, trp, catabolite repression (CAP-cAMP) — direct questions

25

Euk regulation: TF domains, activation/repression, combinatorial control

26

Epigenetics: DNA methylation + histone modifications (concept + effects)

27

Chromatin regulation: remodelers, insulators, looping (overview)

28

Post-transcriptional control: mRNA stability + miRNA-based silencing

29

Signal-to-gene expression: MAPK / JAK-STAT basics (how signals change TFs)

Chapter 6

Recombinant DNA & core molecular techniques (must-do for MCQs)

30

Restriction enzymes: types, sticky/blunt ends + ligation logic

31

Vectors: plasmid/phage/BAC/YAC + selectable markers (who used where)

32

PCR/RT-PCR/qPCR: principle, steps, graphs & common exam traps

33

Blotting: Southern vs Northern vs Western + probes/hybridization basics

34

Cloning workflow: transformation, selection, blue-white screening (high-yield)

35

Sequencing: Sanger vs NGS (Illumina basics: reads, coverage idea)

36

Genome editing: CRISPR-Cas9 basics, gRNA, PAM, off-target concept

Chapter 7

Genomics + applications + MP SET high-yield revision (last stage prep)

↗ PCR/RT-PCR/qPCR: principle, steps, graphs & common exam traps (see Chapter 6)

37

DNA fingerprinting/forensics: STR, RFLP idea, gel interpretation basics

38

Recombinant therapeutics & vaccines: insulin, monoclonals (conceptual Qs)

39

GM crops + biosafety/ethics: marker genes, risk/benefit basics

40

Genomics/proteomics overview: microarray vs RNA-seq idea + mass spec basics

41

MP SET high-yield list: most-asked comparisons + 1-line facts to revise

42

Diagrams to practice + last-week revision plan (unit-wise)