35
Medieval Worlds (c. 500–1500)
4 subtopics
36
Medieval Europe (feudalism, church, towns, crusades, plague, late medieval change)
37
Islamic worlds (caliphates, scholarship, trade, politics; to early Ottomans)
38
East & Central Asia (Tang–Song, steppe empires, Mongols; exchange networks)
39
Africa & Indian Ocean networks (states, trade, Islam, Swahili coast, inland connections)
40
Renaissance & Reformation
3 subtopics
41
Renaissance humanism and arts (patronage, city-states, classical revival, power and culture)
42
Reformations (Protestant, Catholic; politics, war, confessionalization)
43
Printing, learning, and scientific change (information spread, authority, institutions)
44
Early Modern Empires, Trade & Enslavement (c. 1450–1800)
4 subtopics
45
Exploration & Columbian Exchange (biological, economic, demographic impacts)
46
Atlantic slavery and diaspora (plantation economies, resistance, abolition beginnings)
47
Gunpowder empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) and state formation
48
East Asian polities and trade (Ming/Qing; Tokugawa; regional systems and constraints)
49
Enlightenment & Age of Revolutions (c. 1600–1800)
3 subtopics
50
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment (reason, rights, statecraft, critiques)
51
Atlantic revolutions (American, French, Haitian): causes, ideas, limits, outcomes
52
Industrial Revolution foundations (energy, labor, capital, technology, social change)