Monera (Kingdom) — Biological Classification — Class 12 Biology (NEET)

8 topics across 7 chapters

Chapter 1

General characteristics of Kingdom Monera (definition, distinguishing features, prokaryotic cell organization)

Chapter 2

Cell structure and ultrastructure (cell wall types, plasma membrane, capsules, pili, flagella, ribosomes, plasmids)

Chapter 3

Nutrition, metabolism and physiology (autotrophy — photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, chemoautotrophy; heterotrophy; respiration; fermentation; extremop

Chapter 4

Reproduction and genetic exchange (binary fission, spore formation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmid-mediated traits)

Chapter 5

Diversity and classification within Monera (Bacteria vs Archaea; major bacterial groups — Gram-positive, Gram-negative, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, ric

Chapter 6

Ecological and economic importance (nitrogen fixation, decomposition, primary production, symbiosis, pathogenicity, role in industries — fermentation,

Chapter 7

Control, cultivation and molecular basis (sterilization, antibiotics and resistance, culturing techniques, staining methods like Gram stain, 16S rRNA-